Tech Chapter 2 - The HazMat Guys

When a liquid evaporates, what is happening at the molecular level?

Molecules are polymerizing and forming long chains

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Molecules are undergoing a chemical reaction and breaking down

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Molecules are slowing down and becoming trapped in a lattice or crystal

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Molecules located near the liquid’s edge escape into the atmosphere as vapor

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What is the percentage of the gas or vapor concentration in air that will burn or explode if ignited?

Critical point

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Vapor density

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Flammable range

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Explosive threshold

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At concentrations above the upper flammable limit (UFL), or upper explosive limit (UEL), a vapor or gas is too _____ to burn.

rich

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lean

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heavy

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dense

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The point at which a fuel spontaneously ignites, even without ignition from an independent source is called the:

fire point.

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flash point.

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flammable range.

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autoignition temperature.

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Atmospheric _____ can control different variables such as the boiling point of a substance.

pressure

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humidity

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pollutants

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temperature

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What is one way to reduce the vapor pressure of a container?

Venting the container

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Heating the container

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Pumping a hot material through the cooling coils

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Blanketing the container to increase heat absorption

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What happens when a material reaches a critical point?

Responders must withdraw and terminate the incident.

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The material will rapidly cycle through all three states of matter.

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Both the toxicity and corrosivity of the material are greatly increased.

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The chemical reaction initiated by that threshold cannot be stopped until the reaction is completed.

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Critical pressure is the pressure necessary to ____a gas at its critical temperature.

liquefy

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dissolve

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vaporize

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polymerize

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Which refers to the temperature above which the decomposition of an unstable substance continues unimpeded, regardless of the ambient or external temperature?

Critical vapor pressure (CVP)

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Polymerization pressure potential (PPP)

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Maximum safe storage temperature (MSST)

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Self-accelerating decomposition temperature (SADT)

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How is a substance’s self-accelerating decomposition temperature (SADT) related to its maximum safe storage temperature (MSST)?

The maximum safe storage temperature (MSST) is double the self-accelerating decomposition temperature (SADT).

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The maximum safe storage temperature (MSST) is well below the self-accelerating decomposition temperature (SADT).

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The self-accelerating decomposition temperature (SADT) is always below the maximum safe storage temperature (MSST).

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The self-accelerating decomposition temperature (SADT) and the maximum safe storage temperature (MSST) are the same number.

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In order for a solid to change state into a liquid, it must reach its:

boiling point.

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melting point

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critical pressure

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autoignition temperature.

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In order for a liquid to solidify or crystallize, it must reach its:

flash point.

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freezing point.

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odor threshold

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vaporization pressure.

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What is it called when the vapor pressure of a liquid is equal to the atmospheric pressure around the liquid, and vapor bubbles are forming within the liquid?

Boiling

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Freezing

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Sublimation

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Polymerization

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What do you call the minimum temperature to which a substance must be heated to produce enough vapor to support sustained combustion?

Fire point

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Flash point

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Flammable range

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Autoignition temperature

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If the temperature of a boiling liquid drops below its boiling point, and the vapors begin to condense back into a liquid, this is called:

freezing

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volatility.

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evaporation

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condensation.

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What is the term for materials that readily change into a gas?

Polar

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Volatile

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Explosive

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Radioactive

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When a material changes its state from a solid directly to a vapor without passing through a liquid phase, it has

polarized.

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condensed

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sublimated.

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polymerized.

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Hydrocarbons and derivatives with _____ molecular weight tend to be gases or nonviscous liquids.

polar

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lower

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higher

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volatile

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What types of elements or materials repel water?

Anhydrous

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Hydrophilic

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Hydrophobic

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Deliquescent

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In what type of mixture are all the ingredients completely dissolved?

Alloy

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Slurry

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Solution

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Diatomic

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If you add a solid to water and the solid does not completely dissolve, you get a(an):

alloy.

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slurry.

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solution

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coalescence.

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What does the concentration of a mixture tell you?

The miscibility of the mixture

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Whether or not the mixture will disassociate

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If the mixture is a slurry, a solution, or an alloy

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How much of each compound is present in the mixture

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Two materials that will not mix or dissolve into one another, such as oil and water, are called:

soluble.

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immiscible.

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anhydrous.

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hydrophilic.

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Generally, heat _____ solubility for solids dissolved in liquids, and _____ the solubility of gases in solution.

increases; increases

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increases; decreases

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decreases; increases

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decreases; decreases

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For a material to be considered soluble in product research materials, how much of the material must dissolve?

At least 25 percent

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At least 50 percent

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Between 50 and 75 percent

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100 percent

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Highly polar materials such as methanol and ethanol dissolve easily in water because water:

is nonpolar.

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is also polar

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enhances flammability.

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has hydrophobic tendencies.

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What physical property specifically compares the ratio of the density of a substance to the density of water?

Particle size

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Water content

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Odor threshold

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Relative density

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A material’s state of matter may change if the _____ changes. (28) [11.2.1]

toxicity

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humidity

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corrosivity

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temperature

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A _____ has a specific mass and volume and will take on a specific shape.

gas

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solid

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plasma

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threshold

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Which state of matter has a specific mass and volume but does not have a definitive shape?

Gas

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Solid

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Liquid

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Plasma

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Hazardous materials in _____ form are typically the most challenging to control.

solid

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liquid

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plasma

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gaseous

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A gas is a substance that will:

take on a definitive shape.

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pose few containment issues.

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expand to fill any given volume.

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stay in one place if there is no wind.

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Atmosphere (atm), bar, and torr are measuring units of:

volume.

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pressure.

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humidity.

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temperature.

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Non-liquefied compressed gases cannot be liquefied:

at high latitudes.

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at any temperature.

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above -50 degrees F.

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once they change state

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A gas cannot be liquefied by pressure alone if it is

a polar molecule

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a diatomic molecule.

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below its critical temperature.

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above its critical temperature.

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Liquefied compressed gases and cryogenic liquids both have large vapor expansion rates which means that they will:

be difficult to disperse

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have very low pressures.

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take on a definitive shape

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expand at extremely high rates.

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What is a hazard of released cryogenic liquids, liquefied gases, and compressed gases?

Asphyxiation due to oxygen displacement

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Responder fatigue due to high temperatures

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High temperature burns to skin and equipmen

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Slow dispersion and high persistence of toxic vapors

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If a gas reaches the minimum temperature above which it cannot be liquefied no matter how much pressure is applied, then it has reached its:

critical pressure.

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critical temperature.

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autoignition temperature

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self-accelerating decomposition temperature.

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How does the density of a substance usually change with temperature?

As matter gets warmer, it gets less dense.

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As matter gets colder, it becomes less dense.

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As matter gets colder, its particle size increases

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As matter gets gets warmer, its critical temperature decreases.

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Which state of matter is usually the most mobile?

Gas

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Solid

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Liquid

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Plasma

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Specific gravity will vary depending on the _____ of the material.

size

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odor

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polarity

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temperature

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If a material has a vapor density greater than 1, then that material will _____ in air.

rise

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sink

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ignite

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disassociate

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Divide the molecular weight (MW) of the material by the average molecular weight of air (29) to estimate a material’s:

vapor density.

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water content.

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specific gravity.

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relative density.

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Most materials are _____ than air.

lighter

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heavier

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less dense

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more flammable

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The ease with which a material will flow is called its:

gravity.

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density

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polarity.

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viscosity

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The _____ of a chemical is its ability to remain in the environment when unconfined.

polarity

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persistence

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specific gravity

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molecular weight

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A chemical’s _____ _____ is the lowest concentration at which most people can smell it.

vapor density

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odor threshold

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specific gravity

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molecular weight

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If the appearance of a material is significantly different than the description on the Safety Data Sheet (SDS), consider that the product:

may be contaminated

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is polar and therefore miscible.

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is probably not a hazardous material.

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may be in the process of sublimation.

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A material in its solid state may still easily travel long distances in the air if it is:

a polar molecule.

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in very small particles.

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above its odor threshold.

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a material with a high density

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What do you call the average kinetic energy of a substance’s particles?

Odor

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Density

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Viscosity

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Temperature

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At its _____ point, a material’s vapors will flash in the presence of an ignition source but will not continue to burn.

fire

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flash

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soluble

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flammable

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